Diet: The most common cause of constipation is a diet low in fiber found in
vegetables, fruits, and whole grains and high in fats found in cheese, eggs,
and meats. People who eat plenty of high-fiber foods are less likely to become constipated.
Not enough liquids: Liquids like water and juice add fluid to the colon and bulk
to stools, making bowel movements softer and easier to pass. Other liquids,
like coffee and soft drinks that contain caffeine seem to have a dehydrating
effect.
Lack of Exercise: Lack of exercise can also lead to constipation. For example,
constipation often occurs after an accident or during an illness when one must
stay in bed and cannot exercise.
Medications: Pain medications (especially narcotics), antacids,
antispasmodics, antidepressants, iron supplements, diuretics, and
anticonvulsants for epilepsy can slow passage of bowel movements.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): Some people with IBS, also known as spastic
colon, have spasms in the colon that affect bowel movements. Constipation
and diarrhoea often alternate, and abdominal cramping, gassiness, and
bloating are other common complaints. Although IBS can produce lifelong
symptoms, it is not a life-threatening condition. It often worsens with stress.
Changes in Life or Routine: During pregnancy, women may be constipated
because of hormonal changes or because the heavy uterus compresses the
intestine. In addition, people often become constipated when travelling
because their normal diet and daily routines are disrupted.
Abuse of Laxatives: Laxatives usually are not necessary and can be habit-
forming. The colon begins to rely on laxatives to bring on bowel movements.
Over time, laxatives can damage nerve cells in the colon and interfere with
the colon's natural ability to contract. For the same reason, regular use of
enemas can also lead to a loss of normal bowel function.
Ignoring the Urge to Have a Bowel Movement: People who ignore the urge to
have a bowel movement may eventually stop feeling the urge, which can lead
to constipation. Some people delay having a bowel movement because they
do not want to use toilets outside the home. Others ignore the urge because
of emotional stress or because they are too busy. Children may postpone
having a bowel movement because of stressful toilet training or because they
do not want to interrupt their play.
Specific Diseases: Diseases that cause constipation include neurological
disorders, metabolic and endocrine disorders, and systemic conditions that
affect organ systems. These disorders can slow the movement of stool
through the colon, rectum, or anus.
